TR wins in 1912

[Kaine for Senate '18]

The 1912 Presidential Election
For almost two years, former President Teddy Roosevelt has been attacking incumbent William Howard Taft.  Eventually, he decides to bolt the GOP, and forms the Progressive Party.  During the election, both Roosevelt and Democrat Woodrow Wilson rip Taft at every opportunity.  On election night, 1912, Roosevelt becomes the first third party candidate to ever be elected President.

Roosevelt/Johnson: 45% PV, 282 EV
Wilson/Marshall: 42% PV, 249 EV
Taft/Butler: 13% PV, 0 EV

Following the election, Taft refuses to comment, and never speaks of the election for the rest of his life, instead preferring to say that he retired.

The 1912 Congressional Elections
Throughout the country, there is a massive wave for the Democrats and Progressives.  When Congress reconvenes in March, the Democrats will hold a majority, but it will be the Progressives, not the Republicans, who are the primary opposition in Congress.

House Results:
Democrats: 229 (-1)
Progressives: 200 (+200)
Republicans: 6 (-156)

Senate Results:
Democrats: 49 (+5)
Progressives: 41 (+41)
Republicans: 6 (-46)

I hope you enjoy this TL.  If you have any suggestions, complaints, or comments, please post them.  Enjoy!

[Kaine for Senate '18]

Immature little hack. If you knew anything about politics like I do.

Oh sorry Interesting timeline, I like third-parties-winning timelines

If that's the case, then this is the timeline for you!  I can promise that for most of this timeline, there will be at least three major political parties.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

Immature little hack. If you knew anything about politics like I do.

Oh sorry Interesting timeline, I like third-parties-winning timelines

If that's the case, then this is the timeline for you!  I can promise that for most of this timeline, there will be at least three major political parties.

'Twon't be easy. Are you sure you're up for it?

I think I can handle it

[Kaine for Senate '18]

The Third Term of Theodore Roosevelt

After being sworn in by Chief Justice White, President Roosevelt takes the podium to address his audience.  He starts out by stating that he will begin implementing another “Square Deal” for the American public.  This will include antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.  He also comes out in favor of a Federal Reserve, and a lowering of the Tariff.  He pledges to work with Democratic, Progressive, and Republican leaders in order to pass the desired legislation.

Roosevelt soon establishes his Cabinet.  He makes Elihu Root his Secretary of State; Robert Lansing as his Attorney General; Carter Glass as Secretary of the Treasury; and he retains Henry Stimson as Secretary of War.

On April 14, 1913, the 17th Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, providing for the direct election of Senators.  Roosevelt calls the Amendment “a great triumph for democracy.”

In keeping with his pledge, Roosevelt immediately begins talking to Congressional Leaders, and on  October 3, 1913, the Underwood-Simmons Act is passed, re-imposing the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%.

Without allowing any time to celebrate this first victory, Roosevelt begins pushing for the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, and it is passed by Congress on December 3, 1913.

Continuing with his reputation as a trustbuster from his first Administration,  Roosevelt pushed through the Clayton Antitrust Act making certain business practices illegal (such as price discrimination, agreements forbidding retailers from handling other companies’ products, and directorates and agreements to control other companies).  Roosevelt hailed this act as the greatest of his antitrust accomplishments, since it was more powerful than previous anti-trust laws, because individual officers of corporations could be held responsible if their companies violated the laws. More importantly, the new laws set out clear guidelines that corporations could follow, a dramatic improvement over the previous uncertainties.

On July 12, 1914, Justice Horace Lurton dies, and President Roosevelt appoints his former Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to the Court.

The 1914 Congressional Elections
Despite the ratification of the 17th Amendment, the Progressives are unable to make big gains in the Senate.  In the House, however, they gain an impressive majority.

House Results
Progressives: 228 (+28)
Democrats: 203 (-26)
Republicans: 4 (-2)

Senate Results:
Democrats: 46 (-3)
Progressives: 44 (+3)
Republicans: 6 (-)

[Kaine for Senate '18]

Although it had not been an issue during the 1914 campaign, war was looming in Europe.  On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb student, shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo.  Princip was a member of Young Bosnia, a group whose aims included the unification of the South Slavs and independence from Austria-Hungary.  Following the assassination, President Roosevelt condemned the shooting, but urged his European counterparts not to rush into war.

Despite those comments, Roosevelt was privately preparing for war.  On July 1, Roosevelt met with the Chairman of the Senate Military Affairs, Senator George E. Chamberlain (D-OR), Senate Naval Affairs Chairman, Senator Benjamin Tillman (D-SC), and Senate Foreign Relations Chairman William J. Stone (D-MO), in order to see what his options were regarding war in Europe.

For the next several months, Roosevelt prepared for war.  He asked both Root and Stimson to create a detailed analysis of what would be required for a full scale war.  However, on May 7, 1915, the Lusitania was torpedoed by the German submarine, U-20, killing 1,198 of the 1,959 people aboard, including 128 Americans.

The next day, a livid President Roosevelt appears before Congress, and asks for a declaration of war against Germany and her allies, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.  He asks Congress to act quickly, before another attack can take place against America.  Congress responds, as the Senate quickly passes the declaration of war by a vote of 95-1, with only Progressive William Borah of Idaho voting against.  The House then passes the declaration by a vote of 433-2, with only Democrat Peter Tague of Massachusetts and Porter Dale of Vermont voting against.  On May 8, 1915, the United States officially enters World War I.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

On May 23, the first US troops arrive in Europe, as a contingent of 50,000 set foot in London, where they are greeted by roaring crowds.  The Chief Commander of US Forces is John Pershing, while the offensive at home is overseen primarily by Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels, who will become one of Roosevelt’s most important advisers during the War.

The majority of US troops are sent to Western Europe, while a smaller number go to Serbia, Africa, and Asia and the Pacific.  In Africa, a young Dwight Eisenhower wins international praise for his handling of a small number of troops following the death of his senior commander.

Despite US entry, the War continues to drag on, with heavy losses on both sides.  On May 23rd 1916, the 1 year anniversary of the arrival of US troops, President Roosevelt gives a speech to Congress, in which he urges them to appropriate even more money to the War effort.

On January 2, 1916, Justice Joseph Lamar dies in his Washington, DC home.  Roosevelt appoints Louis Brandeis to the Court, making him the first Jewish Justice.

The 1916 Presidential Election

As it does in all wars, life goes on, and the 1916 elections roll around.  The Democratic nomination is being decided between House Minority Leader Champ Clark of Missouri, and Governor George W. P. Hunt of Arizona.  President Roosevelt and Vice President Johnson are unchallenged for the Progressive Party nomination, and the GOP nomination is decided between Connecticut Governor Marcus H. Holcomb and Senator James Wadsworth Jr. of New York.

The 1916 Democratic National Convention

As the convention gathers in Baltimore, there are 1,062 delegates available, and 712 are needed for the nomination.  Entering the Convention, Congressman Clark controls 442 delegates; Governor Hunt controls 224 delegates, and the remaining 396 are either Unpledged or belong to Favorite Sons.

The 1st Ballot:

Prior to the start of the voting, the states of Connecticut and New Hampshire give their delegates to Clark, while Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania give their delegates to Hunt.

Champ Clark: 464
George W. P. Hunt: 388
Others: 210

The 2nd Ballot:

The second ballot goes the same as the 1st, except for a switch for Maine and its 12 delegates going to Hunt.

Champ Clark: 464
George W. P. Hunt: 400
Others: 198

The 3rd Ballot:

There is no change from the 2nd.

Champ Clark: 464
George W. P. Hunt: 400
Others: 198

The 4th Ballot:

On the 4th ballot, Clark scores a victory when Massachusetts and New Jersey, with a combined total of 64 delegates, gave him their delegates, while no states switched to Hunt.

Champ Clark: 528
George W. P. Hunt: 400
Others: 134

The 5th Ballot:

Finally, the states begin to choose sides.  Clark is able to pick up the delegates from Rhode Island and Wisconsin, a total of 36 delegates, while Hunt picks up only the 8 delegates from Vermont.  New York remains the only state to vote for a favorite son, giving its 90 delegates to Franklin Roosevelt, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy.  However, even if New York switches, neither candidate will attain the 712 delegates needed to win the nomination.

Champ Clark: 564
George W. P. Hunt: 408
Franklin Roosevelt: 90

The 6th Ballot:

On the 6th ballot, things begin to settle.  A major victory for Clark comes when Pennsylvania and Illinois, with a combined total of 134 delegates, switch over to him from Hunt.  However, New York refuses to switch, and Roosevelt cannot be contacted to persuade his delegates to go for Clark.
Champ Clark: 698
George W. P. Hunt: 274
Franklin Roosevelt: 90

The 7th Ballot:

The end has come.  Clark is able to contact Roosevelt in DC, and Roosevelt tells the New York delegates to switch to Clark, giving him the necessary delegates to win the nomination.  as a show of good faith, Clark names Hunt as his Vice President.

Champ Clark: 788
George W. P. Hunt: 274

The 1916 Progressive National Convention

There is no debate, as Roosevelt and Johnson are nominated without opposition.  In his speech, Roosevelt promises to win the War in Europe, and continue working for the common man.

The 1916 Republican National Convention

The GOP nomination is decided between Connecticut Governor Marcus H. Holcomb and Senator James Wadsworth Jr. of New York.  On the first ballot, Holcomb is nominated, as Wadsworth is seen as being too young.  Holcomb selects Wadsworth as his running mate, and they prepare for the General Election.

The 1916 Presidential Campaign

Despite Holcomb winning the GOP nomination, the race is primarily between Clark and Roosevelt.  Clark argues that Roosevelt has corrupted the war effort, while Roosevelt emphasizes the strong economy, and the need for solid leadership in wartime.  On election day, the American public gives TR his 4th total term in office by a strong margin.

Teddy Roosevelt/Hiram Johnson: 46% PV, 315 EV
Champ Clark/George W. P. Hunt: 35% PV, 205 EV
Marcus H. Holcomb/James Wadsworth: 19% PV, 11 EV

The 1916 Congressional Elections

In both Houses, the Progressives make small gains, and take back the Senate by 1 seat.

House Results:
Progressives: 230 (+2)
Democrats: 201 (-2)
Republicans: 4 (-)

Senate Results:
Progressives: 47 (+3)
Democrats: 46 (-)
Republicans: 3 (-3)

[Kaine for Senate '18]

The Senate is governed by a coalition, correct?

Yes, to an extent.  The GOP votes with the Progressives, giving them a majority, similar to the way Lieberman and Sanders vote with the Democrats.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

The Senate is governed by a coalition, correct?

Yes, to an extent.  The GOP votes with the Progressives, giving them a majority, similar to the way Lieberman and Sanders vote with the Democrats.

But Lieberman and Sanders are part of the Democratic Caucus. I assume that's not the case in this TL, meaning that the Republicans could switch control if they so desired.

BTW, that's an intriguing possibility, if I should say so myself.

True, every two years, the GOP vote is up for grabs.  Usually, the Party that will hold a majority in the Senate will be the party that makes the most concessions to the GOP.  For now, it will be the Progressives, but that could change.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

Although it had not been an issue during the 1914 campaign, war was looming in Europe.  On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb student, shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo.  Princip was a member of Young Bosnia, a group whose aims included the unification of the South Slavs and independence from Austria-Hungary.  Following the assassination, President Roosevelt condemned the shooting, but urged his European counterparts not to rush into war.

Despite those comments, Roosevelt was privately preparing for war.  On July 1, Roosevelt met with the Chairman of the Senate Military Affairs, Senator George E. Chamberlain (D-OR), Senate Naval Affairs Chairman, Senator Benjamin Tillman (D-SC), and Senate Foreign Relations Chairman William J. Stone (D-MO), in order to see what his options were regarding war in Europe.

For the next several months, Roosevelt prepared for war.  He asked both Root and Stimson to create a detailed analysis of what would be required for a full scale war.  However, on May 7, 1915, the Lusitania was torpedoed by the German submarine, U-20, killing 1,198 of the 1,959 people aboard, including 128 Americans.

The next day, a livid President Roosevelt appears before Congress, and asks for a declaration of war against Germany and her allies, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.  He asks Congress to act quickly, before another attack can take place against America.  Congress responds, as the Senate quickly passes the declaration of war by a vote of 95-1, with only Progressive William Borah of Idaho voting against.  The House then passes the declaration by a vote of 433-2, with only Democrat Peter Tague of Massachusetts and Porter Dale of Vermont voting against.  On May 8, 1915, the United States officially enters World War I.

Bulgaria was not in the war in May 1915.

In this TL, Bulgaria joins early, because Germany wants an extra ally against the impending entry of the US.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

Like a lot. Must go now!

Thanks for your support; I guess it's a good thing I'm writing the TL and not you

[Kaine for Senate '18]

Update?

Hopefully today; I'm glad I haven't alienated anybody with my delegate totals for the DNC.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

Update?

Hopefully today; I'm glad I haven't alienated anybody with my delegate totals for the DNC.

We're too schocked that you actually did those to say anything.

I thought it would be fun, and I plan on making that a permanent part of this TL.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

The Fourth Term of Theodore Roosevelt

After being sworn in for a record fourth term by Chief Justice White, President Roosevelt gives a rousing inaugural address that sounds more like a prayer meeting that a Presidential speech.  He states that the War in Europe is almost over, and expects the Axis Powers to sue for peace by December 31, 1917.

On June 15, 1917, Congress passes the Espionage Act of 1917, which makes it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies.  The bill, which was passed 49-47, was not supported a single Progressive in the Senate, and was largely the work of Senator Ben Tillman of South Carolina, former Chairman of the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs.  In the House, the bill passes 218-217, with 13 Progressives deserting the Party and voting for the Bill.  Despite his opposition to the Bill as a violation of civil liberties, President Roosevelt allows it to become law after talking with Senator Knute Nelson, Chairman of the Judiciary Committee.  Nelson had opposed the law, but said that it did not violate civil liberties.  Roosevelt allows it to become law without his signature.  He will, however, veto an amendment to the Sedition Act of 1918, forbidding Americans to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, flag, or armed forces during war.

Despite his optimistic prediction that the War would be over by the end of 1917, non-military events seemed to indicate that the War would continue.  On March 22, 1917, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicates the throne, and a weak Provisional Government is established, which will share power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists.

For the next few months, Russia continues to fight in the War, but after the triumph of the Bolsheviks in November, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin negotiates a peace treaty with Germany, called the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on December 3, 1917. It takes Russia out of the war and cedes vast territories, including Finland, the Baltic provinces, parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers.

Despite the loss of Russia, by the start of 1918, the War appears to be turning for the Allies.  On March 21, Germany begins the Spring Offensive or Kaiserschlacht (Kaiser's Battle), launching four major attacks in an attempt to win the War once and for all.  However, after failing to secure a decisive victory following the Second Battle of the Marne, the momentum seems to have shifted back towards the Allies.

On August 8, 1918, the Allies launch the Hundred Days Offensive.  The recent arrival of a large number of American troops in France had invigorated the French armies.  This proves to be the final offensive of the War, and, despite massive losses of life for the Allies, especially at the Second Battle of the Somme, the War finally begins to end on September 11, 1918, when Bulgaria signs an armistice at Saloniki.  On September 30, the Ottoman Empire capitulates at Mudros.  On October 4, Austria-Hungary sends a flag of truce to ask for an Armistice. The terms, arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris, were communicated to the Austrian Commander and accepted. The Armistice with Austria was signed in London on October 10.

With all of their allies out of the War, Germany finally accepts defeat, and on October 28, 1918, they ask for a ceasefire.  The next morning, President Roosevelt announces that, starting on December 1, 1918, an American delegation consisting of himself, Secretary of State Elihu Root, and the incoming Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee will go to Paris to begin negotiating a peace treaty.

The 1918 Congressional Elections

In the days prior to the election, it had appeared as though the Progressives would lose a large number of seats in both Houses of Congress, due to the continuation of the War.  However, with the announcement, three days before the election, that the War was over, there was a massive shift to the Progressives.  In the end, they make massive gains in both Houses, getting an absolute majority in the Senate for the first time in history.

House Results:
Progressives: 251 (+21)
Democrats: 178 (-23)
Republicans: 6 (+2)

Senate Results:
Progressives: 53 (+6)
Democrats: 40 (-6)
Republicans: 3 (-3)

[Kaine for Senate '18]

On December 12, 1918, President Roosevelt, Secretary of State Root, and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (P-MA), Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, arrive in Versailles, France, for the start of negotiations on the treaty to end the Great War.  Although 26 total nations were present, only 4 major nations-the US, UK, represented by Prime Minister David Lloyd George, France, represented by Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, and Italy, represented by Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando determined the major conditions of the treaty.  Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire were excluded from negotiations, and had no say in the final terms of the Treaty.

On May 3, 1919, representatives from each of the defeated nations arrived in Versailles, and were presented with the treaty for the first time.  After reading over the text of the treaty, all four representatives exploded with anger.  The major opposition was to Section 2 of the Treaty, which stated that each of the losing countries would be occupied by one of the major powers; the UK would occupy Germany, the US would occupy Austria-Hungary, Italy would occupy Bulgaria, and France would occupy the Turkish part of the Ottoman Empire.  In addition, the boundaries of countries would be radically redrawn.  In Europe, 7 new countries were created: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia.  The Ottoman Empire was carved out into The Republic of Turkey, which was to be occupied by France, and the Independent countries of Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Palestine, which was split into two countries, the country of Palestine and the country of Jordan.  Austria-Hungary became two separate countries, although both would be occupied by the Untied States.



Despite fierce opposition to the terms of the Treaty, all four nation ratified the Treaty with little debate, as they had no other options.  On May 8, 1919, the Great War officially ended, as the last losing country, Germany, signed the Treaty.

In Germany, however, there was strong opposition to the Treaty even after it was ratified, as the Treaty was particularly harsh towards the Germans.  Among other things, it assigned blame for the war to Germany; and much of the rest of the Treaty set out the reparations that Germany would pay to the Allies.  In total, it was determined that Germany owed 132 billion Reichsmarks in gold.  The Versailles Reparations came in a variety of forms, including coal, steel, intellectual property (such as the patent for Aspirin) and agricultural products, in order to avoid hyperinflation.

In addition, numerous military restrictions were placed on Germany.  These restrictions included:
1.  The Rhineland to be a demilitarized zone.
2.  The German armed forces cannot number more than 100,000 troops and no conscription.
3.  Enlisted men to be retained for at least 12 years; officers to be retained for at least 25 years.
4.  Manufacturing of weapons is prohibited.
5.  Import and export of weapons is prohibited.
6.  Manufacture or stockpiling of poison gas is prohibited.
7.  Tanks are prohibited.
8.  Naval forces limited to 15,000 men, 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats.
9.  Submarines are prohibited.
10. Military aircraft are prohibited.
11.  Artillery is prohibited.
12.  Blockades on ports are prohibited.

Finally, former German emperor, Wilhelm II was charged with supreme offence against international morality. He was to be tried as a war criminal.  However, he was later found not guilty by a jury made up of British military officials.

On June 18, the US delegation returned to the country, and Senator Lodge presented the Treaty to the Senate, where it would need to be ratified by 65 of the 96 Senators before it could become law, and before the US could send its Governors to Austria and Hungary.  The day after President Roosevelt returned, on June 19, 1919, the Senate began considering the Treaty of Versailles.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

Almost from the moment the debate begins, it is clear that the President will need every vote in order to pass the Treaty.  The first speech is given by Claude A. Swanson of Virginia, the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs.  During the speech, he viciously attacks the speech, especially the section on occupation, saying that “The United States has no business occupying foreign nations; that it not the American way!”

Despite the President’s assumption that he could rely on all 53 Progressive Senators, he was quickly disabused of that notion when, shortly after Swanson finished speaking, Senator Robert LaFollette Sr. of Wisconsin, rose to speak.  LaFollette would spend the next hour and a half ripping the Treaty apart, although he focused not on the occupation section, but rather on the harsh measures taken towards Germany.  After LaFollette finished speaking, Senator Lewis Ball of Delaware spoke, attacking the measures towards Germany, calling them “Nothing more than revenge for perceived, fictional wrongs!”

All throughout the debate on the Treaty, the President is seeing Senators every day and night, cajoling and pleading with them to pass the Treaty, describing how it would harm American diplomacy if the Treaty fails to pass in the US.  However, it appears that he can persuade enough Senators, and so debate continues, as Lodge, the floor manager of the Treaty, plans on keeping debate going until 65 votes can be found.

When Congress adjourns for the July 4th weekend, Senator Lodge visits the President in the White House to give him the updated vote totals.  It appears to Lodge that 58 Senators will vote for the Treaty, 34 are against the Treaty, and 4 Senators are undecided.  Even if all 4 Senators go for the Treaty, it will still fall 3 votes short.  Roosevelt tells Lodge to continue debating the Treaty, and to continue on into 1920 if necessary, as Roosevelt feels that he can still pry away enough votes to win the Treaty.

When Congress returns on August 1st, Lodge gives the first speech of the session.  For almost two hours, the 69 year old Lodge, the longest serving member of the Senate, speaks nonstop about the Treaty, declaring, with his voice cracking due to the stress, “We are the greatest nation in the world!  How about we act like it!”  Immediately after finishing his speech, Lodge collapses at his desk, apparently of a heart attack.  He is rushed to the hospital, where it appears that he is alive, although terribly weakened.  The Senate suspends activity for one week.

For the next month, with Lodge confined to his home in DC recuperating from his heart attack, debate on the Treaty continues, now being lead by Senator William Borah of Idaho.  Throughout that time, Senators file in and out of the White House, meeting with the President.  They also visit Lodge in his home, and once a week Borah delivers a speech that Lodge had written, but is unable to deliver.

On September 4th, as Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas is delivering a speech attacking the Treaty, the doors of the Senate swing open, and in comes Henry Cabot Lodge, limping, and being supported by Senators Borah and Arthur Capper of Kansas.  Coming to his desk, Lodge sits down, and patiently waits for Sheppard to finish speaking, never taking his eyes off of him.  When Shepard finally yields the floor, Lodge seeks recognition from Vice President Johnson, and rises to his feet to speak.

“Mr. President, fellow Senators, I know that all of you have your concerns over this Treaty.  I also have some reservations, but this is the best that we could negotiate in Europe.  We have just fought a terrible war for three years, are we now going to turn away, after having sacrificed so much?  I feel that we can no sooner turn our backs on Europe that I can turn my back on my poor, elderly mother!  We must embrace this Treaty, or else we will pay for many years to come!”

As Lodge sits down, there is thunderous applause from both the audience above the floor, and the Senators on the floor.  Sensing that this may be the best opportunity to pass the Treaty, Lodge asks unanimous consent for a roll call vote, and the motion is quickly seconded by numerous Progressives.  Finally, after almost 4 months of debate, the Treaty of Versailles is put to a vote.

As the vote begins, it appears the Treaty will fail, and after 25 votes, the Treaty is losing, with 9 in favor, and 16 against.  However, after 48 votes, exactly half way there, the Treaty is winning 29-19, and with just 10 votes to go, the Treaty is winning 58-28.  The final tally on the Treaty is 66 votes in favor, and 30 against, 1 more than was needed to pass the Treaty.  An exuberant Lodge jumps out of his desk, and lets out a scream of joy, as Vice President Johnson, himself smiling contently, motions for order in the chamber.

The next morning, President Roosevelt submits two names to the Senate for Governors: Franklin D. Roosevelt to be Governor of Austria, and Henry Cabot Lodge to be Governor of Hungary.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

Within hours of President Roosevelt sending Lodge’s name to the Senate, he is unanimously confirmed for the post, without so much as a hearing, and with only one speech given, in favor of the nomination, by Senator LaFollette of Wisconsin.  Less than eight hours after being informed of his nomination, Governor Lodge leaves for Budapest.

The President’s other nominee, however, is not as fortunate.  Despite Franklin Roosevelt’s excellent qualifications, enough Senators are concerned about the possibility of nepotism that they convince Senator Borah, the new Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, to hold hearings on Roosevelt’s appointment.

Once the hearings begin, however, it is clear that Roosevelt will do a fine job in his new position, and he is confirmed by a vote of 91-5, the day after the Foreign Relations Committee unanimously approves of his confirmation.  Roosevelt, with his wife Eleanor, leaves for Vienna the next day.

The 1920 Presidential Election

With President Roosevelt finally resolved to not seek a fifth term, the Progressive nomination appears wide open, with numerous candidates stepping forward.  On the Democratic side, there are two major candidates once again; 1916 Vice Presidential nominee George Hunt of Arizona, and Senator Claude Swanson of Virginia.  On the Republican side, there is only one candidate, 1916 nominee Marcus H. Holcomb of Connecticut.

The 1920 Democratic National Convention

As the convention gathers in New York City, there are 1074 delegates available, with 720 needed to win the nomination.  Senator Swanson controls 438 delegates, Governor Hunt controls 136 delegates, and the remaining 500 delegates are pledged to favorite sons.

The 1st Ballot:

Prior to the start of the voting, Swanson wins the votes of Illinois and Kansas, while Hunt takes the delegates from Minnesota and Montana.

Claude Swanson: 516
George W. P. Hunt: 168
Others: 390

The 2nd Ballot:

There is no change from the first ballot.

Claude Swanson: 516
George W. P. Hunt: 168
Others: 390
The 3rd Ballot:

Swanson claims a major victory, as he captures New York’s 90 delegates, as well as Pennsylvania’s 76 delegates.  Swanson is now just 38 delegates away from the nomination, and, with well over 200 delegates up for grabs, it appears that Swanson will be the nominee.

Claude Swanson: 682
George W. P. Hunt: 168
Others: 224

The 4th Ballot:

The nomination is finally decided.  Hunt urges all of his delegates to switch over to Swanson, and all the Unpledged delegates move over as well, giving Swanson the nomination.  Just like 4 years earlier, Swanson selects Hunt as his Vice President.

Claude Swanson: 1074
George W. P. Hunt: 0
Others: 0

The 1920 Progressive National Convention

Entering the convention in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the nomination appears to be between Vice President Johnson, and Senator Robert LaFollette of Wisconsin.  Entering the convention, there are 1074 delegates, with 538 needed for the nomination.  However, before the first ballot, Senator LaFollette addresses the convention, and requests that his delegates vote for Johnson instead, so that the party will be united for the upcoming election.  Johnson is touched, and promises LaFollette that he can have any Cabinet position he desires in the Johnson Administration.  Johnson selects Senator George Norris of Nebraska as his running mate.

The 1920 Republican National Convention

Due to the pathetic shape of the Republican Party, with just 9 members in Congress, there is little debate over the nomination, which goes to the 1916 nominee, Marcus Holcomb of Connecticut, who selects Congressman Frank Greene of Vermont as his running mate.

The 1920 Presidential Election

Throughout the campaign, Swanson and Johnson are neck and neck.  Swanson continues to attack the Treaty of Versailles, while Johnson wraps himself in the Roosevelt legacy.  On election day, things are as close as had been predicted.

Claude Swanson/George Hunt: 42% PV, 295 EV
Hiram Johnson/George Norris: 40% PV, 225 EV
Marcus Holcomb/Frank Greene: 18% PV, 11 EV

The 1920 Congressional Elections

Despite the first Democratic victory since 1892, the Democrats are unable to gain in Congress, picking up just 3 seats in the House, and 1 in the Senate.

House Results:
Progressives: 248 (-3)
Democrats: 181 (+3)
Republicans: 6 (-)

Senate Results:
Progressives: 52 (-1)
Democrats: 41 (+1)
Republicans: 3 (-)

[Kaine for Senate '18]

Swanson attacked Versailles? Wasn't Johnson the prominent isolationist?

As far as I know, Johnson only opposed the League of Nations, and opposed the US getting involved in international affairs.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

The First Term of Claude Swanson

As people, begin filing in to the President’s inauguration no March 4th, it is heard by some people “Save your Confederate money, boys, the South is rising again.”  The statement is not far off.  The Chief Justice, Edward White, was a former Confederate soldier, while Swanson hails from Virginia, born three years before the end of the Civil War.

When Swanson puts forward his Cabinet, the statement becomes disturbingly clear.  In his first Cabinet, only three members, Secretary of State Key Pittman, Attorney General John W. Davis, and Secretary of the Interior Carl Hayden come from states that did not secede from the Union.

Secretary of State:  Key Pittman (D-NV)
Secretary of the Treasury:  Harry Byrd Sr. (D-VA)
Secretary of War:  Morris Sheppard (D-TX)
Attorney General:  John W. Davis (D-WV)
Postmaster General:  Cordell Hull (D-TN)
Secretary of the Navy:  Josephus Daniels (D-NC)
Secretary of the Interior:  Carl Hayden (D-AZ)
Secretary of Agriculture:  Theodore Bilbo (D-MS)
Secretary of Commerce:  Carter Glass (D-VA)
Secretary of Labor:  Hoke Smith (D-GA)

On May 18, 1921, Chief Justice White, just two months after swearing in the first Dixie President in 70 years, dies peacefully of a stroke.  To replace him, Swanson appoints James Clark McReynolds to the post.

Despite calls from his more conservative supporters to renounce the Versailles Treaty, and recall both Henry Cabot Lodge and Franklin D. Roosevelt from their posts as Governor of Hungary and Austria, respectively, Swanson refuses, saying he will not break an international commitment of the United States once it has been made.

On June 23, 1921, Justice Charles Joseph Bonaparte dies of a heart attack while working in his office.  President Swanson appoints Senator William Kenyon to the post.

In a speech to Congress in July, Swanson calls for emergency tariffs, new immigration laws, regulation of radio and trans cable communications retrenchment in government, tax reduction, repeal of wartime excess profits tax, reduction of railroad rates, promotion of agricultural interests, a national budget system, a great merchant marine and a department of public welfare.  However, when the Progressive controlled Senate passes legislation with more ambitious goals than the ones he had put forward, Swanson vetoes all of the Bills.

In late 1921, the Congress passes the Revenue Act of 1921, putting forward the repeal of the wartime excess profits tax, which passes the Senate by a vote of 49-48, with the tie broken by Vice President Hunt.  It passes the House by a larger margin, of 223-212, when several Midwestern Progressives vote for the tax cuts as well.

On January 10, 1922, Justice John Hessin Clarke resigns, citing exhaustion as his major reason.  Swanson replaces him with Julian Mack of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.

In March of 1922, Congress passes the Budget and Accounting Act of 1922, creating the General Accounting Office, the non-partisan audit, evaluation, and investigative arm of Congress, and an agency in the Legislative Branch of the United States Government.  The bill had been pushed heavily by Progressives in Congress, and, despite opposition from President Swanson, he allows the bill to become law, when it becomes apparent that his veto will be overridden.

The 1922 Congressional Elections

With Swanson's approval ratings in the mid 70's, it looks like a strong year for the Democrats, and they do not disappoint, gaining 7 seats in the Senate and 20 in the House.  The GOP also picks up some seats in New England, including an extremely strong showing the House, further diminishing the Progressives, who will lack a majority in Congress for the first time since 1915.

House Results:
Democrats: 201 (+20)
Progressive: 200 (-48)
Republicans: 34 (+28)

Senate Results:
Democrats: 48 (+7)
Progressives: 40 (-12)
Republicans: 8 (+5)

[Kaine for Senate '18]

On April 28, 1923, President Swanson, in a joint message to Congress, calls for immigration restriction and the need for the government to arbitrate the coal strikes then ongoing in Pennsylvania.  He also asks Congress to pass the World War I veterans' Bonus Bill, despite strong opposition amongst some members of his Cabinet, including his Secretary of the Treasury, fellow Virginia Harry F. Byrd.

On March 6, 1924, Congress passes the Immigration Act of 1924, which limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1910, according to the Census of 1910. It excluded immigration of Asians.  The bill was vigorously opposed by most Progressives, and passed both Houses of Congress without a single Progressive vote.

On June 20, 1924, former President Taft dies of a heart attack in Cleveland, Ohio.  President Swanson delivers a touching tribute to the ex President, although Taft’s predecessor and successor, Theodore Roosevelt, is notably silent.

On July 4, 1924, President Swanson signs the Revenue Act of 1924, which cut federal tax rates and establishes the U.S. Board of Tax Appeals.  The next day, he vetoes the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, which granted full U.S. citizenship to America's indigenous peoples, called "Indians" in this Act.  The veto will eventually be overridden, with only the Southern Democrats voting to uphold the veto.

The 1924 Presidential Election

As the Presidential election dawns, the country is, as a whole, satisfied.  President Swanson will have no challenger for the nomination; meanwhile, a revived Republican Party will seek to become a major force on the national stage, and the Progressives seek a third win in four elections.

The 1924 Democratic National Convention

As the convention gathers in Atlanta, there are 1061 delegates, all of whom are pledged to President Swanson.  In his acceptance speech, he pledges to continue his leadership of the last 4 years.

The 1924 Progressive National Convention

For the first time in the Party’s history, there is no clear frontrunner.  The nomination appears to be between Robert LaFollette of Wisconsin, a longtime leader in the Party, Congressman Melville Clyde Kelly of Pennsylvania, and Senator Burton Wheeler of Montana.  With 1061 delegates at the Convention, 531 were needed for the nomination.

The 1st Ballot:

Melville Kelly: 354
Robert LaFollette: 292
Burton Wheeler: 47
Others: 368

The 2nd Ballot:
There is no change from the first ballot, much to the consternation of the delegates.
Melville Kelly: 354
Robert LaFollette: 292
Burton Wheeler: 47
Others: 368

The 3rd Ballot:
Wheeler drops out, giving all of his delegates to LaFollette, who also picks up delegates from Iowa and Kansas.
Robert LaFollette: 391
Melville Kelly: 354
Others: 316

The 4th Ballot:
The longest Convention is Party history comes to an end, as Kelly switches all of his delegates to LaFollette, who is nominated unanimously.  He selects Wheeler as his running mate.
Robert LaFollette: 1061

The 1924 Republican National Convention

After making massive gains in 1922, the GOP feels very confident.  They nominate Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania, a very popular Governor, and the only statewide Republican from outside New England.  He selects 1920 VP nominee Frank Greene as his running mate.

The 1924 Presidential Election

From day 1, there is no real question as to who will win.  The major issue is the new life in the Republican Party, which runs a vigorous nationwide campaign.  On election day, the GOP performs its best since 1908, as President Swanson is reelected in a landslide.

Claude Swanson/George Hunt: 48% PV, 363 EV
Robert LaFollette/Burton Wheeler: 33% PV, 91 EV
Gifford Pinchot /Frank Greene: 19% PV, 77 EV

The 1924 Congressional Elections

The Democratic landslide has little effect, as many former GOP seats return to their roots.  For the third straight election, the Progressives suffer losses.

House Results:
Democrats: 198 (-3)
Progressive: 190 (-10)
Republicans: 47 (+13)

Senate Results:
Democrats: 46 (-2)
Progressives: 37 (-3)
Republicans: 13 (+5)

[Kaine for Senate '18]

The Second Term of Claude Swanson

After being sworn in by Chief Justice McReynolds, President Swanson steps up to the podium to give his inaugural address.  In the speech, Swanson attacked several Progressives in Congress who had been calling for a Civil Rights bill, and said that he would veto any such intrusion on the rights of states.

On June 10, 1925, Justice Joseph McKenna retires from the Court, and is replaced by John Warren Davis of the 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals.

In late 1925, Swanson signs the United States Revenue Act of 1926, which reduced inheritance and personal income taxes, and ended public access to federal income tax returns.

On May 3, 1926, President Swanson decides to recognize the Soviet Union, something that Roosevelt had refused to do, and that Swanson had previously been against.

The 1926 Congressional Elections

As often happens in the last election of an administration, the Democrats end up losing a number of seats, as the Progressives regain a majority in the House.  In the Senate, the Progressives and Democrats tie, with the Republicans giving the majority to the Progressives.

House Results:
Progressive: 197 (+7)
Democrats: 187 (-11)
Republicans: 51 (+4)

Senate Results:
Progressives: 43 (+6)
Democrats: 43 (-3)
Republicans: 10 (-3)

[Kaine for Senate '18]

The 1928 Presidential Election

As President Swanson's second term in office comes to a close, the race to succeed him heats up, with all three parties having contested battles for the nomination.

The 1928 Progressive National Convention

Following the multi-ballot 1924 Convention, and in a desire to “democratize” the party, Progressive leaders decide to hold preference primaries in each state in the months prior to the convention, to determine who will win the delegates from each state.  The primaries in each state will be held on a date selected by the state party, between March 1st, 1928, and June 3rd, 1928.  Each state will have a “winner-take-all” method, where the winner of the statewide vote receives all of the delegates.

With an all new delegate selection method, there is an equally new field of candidates.  Running in 1928 will be Senator William Borah of Idaho, Senator Burton Wheeler of Montana, and Governor John Hammill of Iowa.

1928 Progressive Primaries:

March 10th (Wisconsin and Iowa)
Wisconsin: Borah 37%, Wheeler 34%, Hammill 29%
Iowa: Hammill 68%, Borah 20%, Wheeler 12%

March 17th (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Minnesota)
Alabama: Borah 41%, Wheeler 34%, Hammill 25%
Arizona: Borah 50%, Wheeler 39%, Hammill 11%
Arkansas: Borah 46%, Wheeler 40%, Hammill 14%
California: Borah 62%, Wheeler 31%, Hammill 7%
Minnesota: Hammill 36%, Borah 34%, Wheeler 30%

March 24th (Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana)
Colorado: Wheeler 39%, Borah 36%, Hammill 25%
Delaware: Wheelr 42%, Borah 40%, Hammill 18%
Florida: Borah 45%, Wheeler 40%, Hammill 15%
Georgia: Borah 52%, Wheeler 40%, Hammill 8%
Idaho: Borah 92%, Wheeler 4%, Hammill 4%
Indiana: Borah 48%, Wheeler 42%, Hammill 10%

After winning only 2 out of the first 13 primaries, Hammill drops out, and endorses Borah.

April 7th (Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas)
Connecticut: Borah 53%, Wheeler 47%
Illinois: Borah 61%, Wheeler 39%
Kansas: Wheeler 54%, Borah 46%

April 14th (Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts)
Kentucky: Borah 52%, Wheeler 48%
Louisiana: Borah 62%, Wheeler 38%
Maine: Borah 54%, Wheeler 46%
Maryland: Borah 74%, Wheeler 26%
Massachusetts: Borah 82%, Wheeler 18%

After winning only 3 of the first 21 primaries, Wheeler drops out, giving Borah the nomination.  At the convention, he chooses Governor Hammill to be his running mate.

The 1928 Democratic National Convention

Entering the Convention in Atlanta, two major candidates are vying for the nomination: Vice President Hunt, and Attorney General John W. Davis of West Virginia.  Despite the expectations of many that there would be a multi ballot battle, Davis drops out before the Convention, and endorses Hunt, who receives the nomination without controversy.  He selects Senator Matthew Neely of West Virginia to be his running mate.

The 1928 Republican National Convention

After seeing their fortunes revived in 1924 and 1926, the GOP Convention is filled with life.  The nomination is between 1924 nominee Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania, and former Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts.  After picking up endorsements from several key Republicans prior to the balloting, Coolidge gains the nomination.  He selects Governor Howard Gore of West Virginia as his Vice President.

The 1928 Presidential Election/u]

From start to finish, the campaign is close.  All three candidates appear to have a chance at victory, and with Swanson still popular, Hunt seems to have an edge.  However, some last minute campaigning by TR swings the election to Borah, by a very narrow margin.

William Borah/John Hammill: 37% PV, 287 EV
George Hunt/Matthew Neely: 35% PV, 193 EV
Calvin Coolidge/Howard Gore: 28% PV, 51 EV

The 1928 Congressional Elections

Despite the extreme closeness of the Presidential race, the slight Progressive victory is enough to swing the Senate to the Progressive, who pick up 2 seats; the GOP also picks up seats.  In the House, the GOP makes large gains, at the expense of the Progressives.  However, since none of the Parties have an absolute majority, the GOP will vote with the Progressives to organize the House.

House Results:
Progressives: 174 (-23)
Democrats: 178 (-9)
Republicans: 83 (+32)

Senate Results:
Progressives: 45 (+2)
Democrats: 40 (-3)
Republicans: 11 (+1)

[Kaine for Senate '18]

When do you plan to update this timeline Ben? I'm dying (well not literally) to find out how the Borah Presidency and consequently Administration plays out. Hopefully you manage to update it until the 1936 Presidential Election so we can find out who wins.

I generally update once a week, to give people time to read it.  An update will come later today.

What is the Kingfish doing in this scenario? Did he win the Louisiana Governorship and does he plan to run for the United States Senate anytime soon?

Huey Long is not the Governor of Louisiana, partly because he has joined the newly former Populist Party.  I promise that you will see more of Huey Long later on in this TL.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

The Presidency of William Borah

Following his swearing in by Chief Justice McReynolds, President Borah, renowned for his oratory, gives one of the greatest Inaugural Addresses in US history.  In the speech, he discusses the need for cooperation between all ideologies, and promises to cross party lines to get things done.  When he releases his Cabinet choices, however, it appears to be a mostly Progressive Cabinet.

Secretary of State:  Henry Cabot Lodge (P-MA)
Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew W. Mellon (R-PA)
Secretary of War: Henry Stimson (P-MA)
Attorney General: Charles Evans Hughes, Jr. (P-NY)
Postmaster General: Walter Folger Brown (R-OH)
Secretary of the Navy: Frank Knox (P-IL)
Secretary of the Interior: Walter Maddock (P-ND)
Secretary of Agriculture: Clyde M. Reed (P-KS)
Secretary of Commerce: Herbert Hoover (P-CA)
Secretary of Labor: James J. Couzens (P-MI)

Almost from the start of his term, President Borah acts as a truly Progressive President.  In his first speech to Congress, he asks Congress to pass a landmark anti-lynching bill; he says that “America cannot be truly free unless all citizens enjoy their God-given rights!”  Despite his strong statement, the bill fails when a filibuster led by Southern Democrats forces its supporter to withdraw the bill.

Much of Borah’s first term in focused on foreign policy.  As Governor of Hungary, replacing Lodge, Borah appoints former Senator Gilbert Hitchcock of Nebraska.  As Governor of Austria, replacing Franklin Roosevelt, he appoints former Senator and 1916 GOP Vice Presidential nominee James Wadsworth of New York. 

On July 26, 1929, Italy withdraws from Bulgaria, and the Bulgarians proceed to elect their own leaders for a Parliamentary style government.  On August 9, France leaves the newly established country of Turkey, and the UK announces that it will leave Germany starting on January 1, 1930.  Despite the wave of countries ending the occupation, President Borah announces the US will stay in Austria and Hungary until at least 1933.

On February 15, 1930, a massive scandal hits the Borah Administration.  It is revealed that Paulina Longworth, granddaughter of President Roosevelt and daughter of House Republican Leader Nicholas Longworth is actually the daughter of President Borah, born in 1925.  Although Borah vigorously denies the affair, Alice Longworth confirms as much in an interview with Time Magazine.

On March 8, 1930, Justice Edwards Stanford dies in his sleep.  The President appoints Joseph William Woodrough to replace him.

The 1930 Congressional Elections

With the Borah Presidency engulfed in the Longworth Scandal, the Progressives are already set to lose a large number of seats.  Then, to complicate matters, a recession hits in the summer of 1930, continuing to anger voters at the Progressives.  The result is the worst defeat for the Progressives yet, as they lose massive numbers of seats in both Houses.  In addition to large gains by the Democrats and the Republicans, a number of minor parties spring up.  In Louisiana, in a shocking upset, Huey Long, of the newly formed Populist Party, is elected to the Senate by the barest of margins, under 1,000 votes.

House Results:
Democrats: 198 (+20)
Progressives: 128 (-46)
Republicans: 100 (+17)
Farmer-Labor: 9 (+9)

Senate Results:
Democrats: 52 (+12)
Progressives: 31 (-14)
Republicans: 12 (+1)
Populist: 1 (+1)

Despite the massive Democratic gains, Borah is still able to steer through some good legislation, including Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels, the Federal Home Loan Bank Act to lower the cost of home ownership, and the Emergency Relief and Construction Act, which was the nation's first Federal unemployment assistance.

However, following the suicide of Congressman Longworth in April of 1931, the nation again turns to the Longworth Scandal.  In the House, Speaker John Nance Garner of Texas begins discussing impeachment, and House Judiciary Chairman Hatton W. Sumners of Texas states that he certainly has enough votes in Committee to pass the resolution.

Despite the threats of impeachment, Borah refuses to back down.  In a nationally broadcast radio address, Borah states that he will continue to fight against his political enemies.

On June 3, 1932, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes retires after 30 years on the Court.  Borah appoints John J. Parker to fill the vacancy.

The 1932 Presidential Election

With President Borah’s popularity at an all-time low, every major Party has multiple candidates vying for the nomination.

The 1932 Progressive National Convention

Despite his extreme unpopularity, President Borah decides to seek a second term.  He is challenged, however, by Burton Wheeler of Montana.  Despite the challenge, Borah is able to take the nomination, and he and Hammill are renominated at a morbidly quiet Convention.

The 1932 Democratic National Convention

Entering the Convention in New York, the Convention is deadlocked between Senator Millard Tydings of Maryland, 1928 VP nominee Matthew Neely of West Virginia, and Governor Al Smith of New York.  With 1061 delegates at the Convention, 711 are needed for the nomination.

The 1st Ballot:

Prior to the start of the voting, Swanson wins the votes of Illinois and Kansas, while Hunt takes the delegates from Minnesota and Montana.

Millard Tydings: 438
Al Smith: 276
Matthew Neely: 224
Others: 123

The 2nd Ballot:

There is no change from the first ballot.

Millard Tydings: 438
Al Smith: 276
Matthew Neely: 224
Others: 123

The 3rd Ballot:

Neely drops out, giving all of his delegates to Tydings.

Millard Tydings: 662
Al Smith: 276
Others: 123

The 4th Ballot:

Smith drops out, giving the nomination to Tydings.  He selects Franklin Roosevelt as his running mate.

Millard Tydings: 1061

The 1932 Republican National Convention

Following his wonderful 1928 performance, Governor Coolidge receives the nomination unanimously, and selects Ohio Senator Warren Harding as his running mate.

The 1932 Presidential Election

Throughout the campaign, it is obvious that Borah will not be reelected.  Just two weeks prior to the election, a Time Magazine polls shows Borah in third, with 26%, Coolidge in second, with 34%, and Tydings ahead with 40%.  On election day, Borah finishes in 2nd, although he wins just 3 states: Idaho, Kansas, and Utah.  Coolidge wins New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts.

Millard Tydings/Franklin Roosevelt: 46% PV, 490 EV
William Borah/John Hammill: 30% PV, 17 EV
Calvin Coolidge/Warren Harding: 24% PV, 24 EV

The 1932 Congressional Elections

For the second election in a row, the Progressives sustain gigantic losses.  In the House, they fall below 100 seats for the first time in Party history, and the GOP moves into second for the first time since 1910.  In the Senate, Huey Long’s Populist Party gains the other Senate seat in Louisiana, and the Progressives lose even more seats.

House Results:
Democrats: 219 (+21)
Republicans: 113 (+13)
Progressives: 81 (-47)
Farmer-Labor: 22 (+13)

Senate Results:
Democrats: 54 (+2)
Progressives: 25 (-6)
Republicans: 15 (+3)
Populist: 2 (+1)

[Kaine for Senate '18]

BTW: Change both the 1928 Democratic and Republican Conventions to 1932.

I just noticed that, and changed it.

Interesting update Ben. Sad to see Borah lose the Presidency to Millard Tydings though. Hopefully the Progressives will bounce back from their landslide defeat and win back the White House in 1936, maybe with Huey Long .

I can assure you that Mr. Long will not join the Progressive Party, although look for the Populists to become major players.

[Kaine for Senate '18]

I can assure you that Mr. Long will not join the Progressive Party, although look for the Populists to become major players.

I thought you said he joined the Progressive Party? Nevertheless, should be interesting to see how the Populists become major players in American politics.

I did indeed, however, I'm sure you can understand the plight of a writer who changes his text as he writes